Scientists believe that the interior of ice giants such as Neptune and Uranus are abundant in superionic ice. On Earth, superionic ice is not thought to exist naturally because surface conditions are too mild to drastically transform water. And while the planet's interior is very hot and dense, it harbors tiny amounts of water and ice.
But many hydrous minerals that are found below ground contain hydroxyl, which is a basic unit of water. For their study, the researchers developed computer models of iron oxide-hydroxide to see whether this hydrous mineral can enter the superionic state. To be considered superionic, the mineral should have freely moving protons crawling through a solid oxygen lattice. "In superionic water, hydrogen will get released from oxygen and become liquid-like, and move freely within the solid oxygen lattice," explained Qingyang Hu, one of the study researchers. The models showed that the mineral enters the superionic state at temperatures of more than 3,090 degrees and pressure levels that are 800,000 times higher than normal atmospheric pressure. "Such pressure and temperature conditions ensure a large portion of Earth's lower mantle can host the superionic hydrous mineral. These deep regions may have rivers made of protons, which flow through the solids," said co-author Duckyoung Kim.It’s official: Moderna created Covid-19 in order to grift billions from “vaccine” sales
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